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Technical Tip:
PIX Firewall "established" Command
==================================
Revision 1.1
For release 08:00 AM US/Pacific, Wednesday, July 15, 1998
Summary
=======
A common administrative error may create security vulnerabilities in
networks protected by Cisco PIX Firewalls. Specifically, if a firewall has
been configured by an administrator who does not correctly understand the
action of the established command, that firewall may give outside users
greater access to inside systems than the administrator may have expected.
Some customers have found the behavior of the established command in the
presence of static conduits to be counterintuitive.
If a PIX Firewall contains both the established command and a static conduit
giving outside users access to a specific TCP or UDP port on an inside
server, then an interaction between the two configuration settings may allow
outside users to make connections to any port on that inside server. This
applies even if the port to which an outside user connects is not specified
in the configuration of the conduit. It is possible to restrict the ports
available using the permitto and permitfrom keywords on the established
command; if this is done, only the permitted ports are affected.
Who Is Affected
===============
Users whose configurations contain static commands, conduit commands, and
the established command may be affected, depending on whether they properly
anticipated the combined effects of these configuration commands. Users who
do not have both static conduits and established commands in their
configuration files are not affected; neither can produce the effect without
the other.
Users of Cisco products other than the PIX Firewall are not affected. There
is no connection between the PIX established command and the established
keyword in Cisco IOS access lists.
Impact
======
If a firewall administrator has made this configuration error, outside users
will be able to make connections to services that the administrator will not
have expected outsiders to be able to reach. Since the administrator will
not be aware that outsiders can connect to these services, the services may
not have been properly secured. Depending on the services offered by the
affected hosts, this may enable outsiders to conduct a variety of security
attacks.
Only services on hosts to which conduits have been established are affected;
the misconfiguration does not provide any special access to services on
other hosts.
Details
=======
Many protocols require multiple TCP connections or multiple UDP data
streams. In some protocols, the host playing the role of "server" makes
connections to the host playing the role of "client"; although the client
generally initiates the first connection, the server may initiate subsequent
connections. For many commonly used protocols, such as FTP, the PIX Firewall
scans the application layer data to find the ports on which connections may
be opened from server to client, and selectively permits the connections
that have been negotiated in the protocol. However, the PIX Firewall
software does not have support for every possible protocol.
The established command allows the PIX Firewall to deliver traffic
associated with protocols for which the firewall software does not have
specific support. When the established command is in force, an outside
server can make a TCP or UDP connection to any inside host with which it
already has a TCP or UDP connection established. The assumption is that the
new connection is part of an unknown multiconnection protocol. The permitto
and permitfrom parameters to the established command can be used to control
which ports on the inside host can be reached from the outside, but there is
no way to designate specific inside hosts to which the established command
should or should not apply.
The established command creates a relatively wide opening in the firewall.
If there is any existing connection between an inside and an outside host,
additional connections may be created in either direction. Unless the
permitto and/or permitfrom keywords have been used, these connections may
use any port number on either host.
Conduits, created with the static and conduit commands, provide a way for
the firewall administrator to permit access from outside the firewall to
selected ports on hosts inside the firewall. A conduit might, for example,
be used to provide access to a mail server by allowing outside hosts to
connect to TCP port 25 on the mail host.
The two features interact in a way that has surprised some firewall
administrators. Suppose that a PIX Firewall has the established tcp command
in its configuration file, and that a conduit has been created to allow
outside hosts to connect to port 25 on an inside mail server, host A. If
outside host B takes advantage of this conduit to connect to host A's mail
service, a TCP connection will be created. As long as this TCP connection
to A's mail port is active, the established command will permit host B to
make additional connections to other ports on host A. Since host B can
initiate mail connections at will, and can hold those connections open for
as long as it wants, the net effect is that host B can make a TCP connection
to any port on host A at any time.
Users who make this configuration error are generally under one of two
misconceptions about the established command. The facts are that:
1. The existence of any connection between an inside and an outside host
is sufficient for the established command to permit connections from
the outside host to the inside host. The direction in which the
original connection was made is not checked.
2. The established command has its full effect even if the existing
connection was made to a well-known port. Even though the original
connection may involve a protocol that is supported by the PIX Firewall
software, the established command will still permit subsequent
connections.
Cisco will update the PIX Firewall documentation to clarify these points.
User Remediation
- --------------
Because the reasons for using the established command differ from
installation to installation, there is no configuration change that will
work for all users. Cisco recommends that all customers whose PIX Firewall
configuration files contain both conduits and the established command review
their configurations to make sure that those configurations implement the
expected security policies.
The established command was meant as a special measure for users with
relatively unusual situations, and Cisco does not recommend its routine use.
If the established command is used, port ranges should almost always be
specified using the permitto and/or permitfrom keywords.
Affected Software Versions
- ------------------------
This misconfiguration is possible with any PIX Firewall software version
that recognizes the established command.
Exploitation and Public Announcements
=====================================
Cisco has had no reports of malicious exploitation of this misconfiguration.
Although Cisco has always considered the behavior of the established
command, and the behavior of conduits, to be public information, Cisco knows
of no public discussions of the possibility or impact of this specific
misconfiguration before the date of this notice. Cisco has received reports
of customers being surprised by this behavior.
Any TELNET client or other program capable of making a TCP connection or
starting a UDP data exchange can be used to exploit this misconfiguration.
Once an attacker gains access to an unprotected server, other programs may
be needed to exploit security vulnerabilities in that server.
Status of This Notice
=====================
This is a final notice. Although Cisco cannot guarantee the accuracy of all
statements in this notice, all the facts have been checked to the best of
our ability. Cisco does not anticipate issuing updated versions of this
notice unless there is some material change in the facts. Should there be a
significant change in the facts, Cisco may update this notice.
Distribution
- ----------
This notice will be posted on Cisco's Worldwide Web site at
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/707/pixest-pub.shtml. In addition to
Worldwide Web posting, the initial version of this notice will be sent to
"cust-security-announce@cisco.com".
Future updates of this notice, if any, will be placed on Cisco's Worldwide
Web server, but may or may not be actively announced on mailing lists or
newsgroups. Users concerned about this issue are encouraged to check the URL
given above for any updates.
Revision History
- --------------
Revision 1.1, Initial released version
17:00 US/Pacific,
14-JUL-1998
Cisco Security Procedures
=========================
Please report security issues with Cisco products, and/or sensitive security
intrusion emergencies involving Cisco products, to security-alert@cisco.com.
Reports may be encrypted using PGP; public RSA and DSS keys for
"security-alert@cisco.com" are on the public PGP keyservers.
The alias "security-alert@cisco.com" is used only for reports incoming to
Cisco. Mail sent to the list goes only to a very small group of users within
Cisco. Neither outside users nor unauthorized Cisco employees may subscribe
to "security-alert@cisco.com".
Please do not use "security-alert@cisco.com" for configuration questions,
for security intrusions that you do not consider to be sensitive
emergencies, or for general, non-security-related support requests. We do
not have the capacity to handle such requests through this channel, and will
refer them to the TAC, delaying response to your questions. We advise
contacting the TAC directly with these requests. TAC contact numbers are as
follows:
* +1 800 553 2447 (toll-free from within North America)
* +1 408 526 7209 (toll call from anywhere in the world)
* e-mail: tac@cisco.com
All formal public security notices generated by Cisco are sent to the public
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notices and of other Cisco security issues.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
This document is copyright 1998 by Cisco Systems, Inc. This document may be
redistributed freely after the release date given at the top of the text,
provided that redistributed copies are complete and unmodified, including
this copyright notice and all date and version information.
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